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Across 1. A style of policing marked by a strict concern with enforcing the precise letter of the law. Legalistic departments may take a hands-off approach to disruptive or problematic behavior that does not violate the criminal law. (2 words) 4. In police organizations, the field activities or supervisory activities directly related to day-to-day police work. (2 words) 5. A crime-analysis and police-management process built on crime mapping that was developed by the New York City Police Department in the mid-1990s. 6. The set of informal values that characterize the police force as a distinct community with a common identity. (2 words) 12. The elected chief officer of a county law enforcement agency. The sheriff is usually responsible for law enforcement in unincorporated areas and for the operation of the county jail. 13. The first large-scale scientific study of law enforcement practices. Sponsored by the Police Foundation, it focused on the practice of preventive patrol. (3 words) 15. A type of policing that retains the traditional police goal of professional crime fighting but enlarges the enforcement target to include nontraditional kinds of criminals, such as serial offenders, gangs and criminal associations, drug-distribution networks, and sophisticated white-collar and computer criminals. Strategic policing generally makes use of innovative enforcement techniques, including intelligence operations, undercover stings, electronic surveillance, and sophisticated forensic methods. (2 words) 16. The number of police personnel or the number of units supervised by a particular officer. (3 words) 17. An area of police activity that recognizes the need for the community and the police to work together effectively and that is based on the notion that the police derive their legitimacy from the community they serve. Many police agencies began to explore PCR in the 1960s and 1970s. (3 words) 18. The anticipation, recognition, and appraisal of a crime risk and the initiation of action to eliminate or reduce it. (2 words) 19. The use of best available research on the outcomes of police work to implement guidelines and evaluate agencies, units, and officers. (3 words) 20. A type of policing that assumes that many crimes are caused by existing social conditions within the community and that crimes can be controlled by uncovering and effectively addressing underlying social problems. Problem-solving policing makes use of community resources, such as counseling centers, welfare programs, and job-training facilities. It also attempts to involve citizens in crime prevention through education, negotiation, and conflict management. (3 words) 21. A minor violation of the law (sometimes called a petty crime) that demoralizes community residents and businesspeople. Quality-of-life offenses involve acts that create physical disorder (for example, excessive noise or vandalism) or that reflect social decay (for example, panhandling and prostitution). (4 words) 22. A police-management strategy designed to increase the productivity of patrol officers through the scientific analysis and evaluation of patrol techniques. (2 words) 23. The application of social science techniques to the study of police administration for the purpose of increasing effectiveness, reducing the frequency of citizen complaints, and enhancing the efficient use of available resources. (3 words) 24. A style of policing marked by a concern with helping rather than strict enforcement. Service-oriented police agencies are more likely to take advantage of community resources, such as drug-treatment programs, than are other types of agencies. (2 words) 25. The unbroken line of authority that extends through all levels of an organization, from the highest to the lowest. (3 words)

Down 2. A now-defunct federal agency established under Title I of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 to funnel federal funding to state and local law enforcement agencies. (4 words) 3. The administrative activities of controlling, directing, and coordinating police personnel, resources, and activities in the service of crime prevention, the apprehension of criminals, the recovery of stolen property, and the performance of a variety of regulatory and helping services. (2 words) 7. "A collaborative effort between the police and the community that identifies problems of crime and disorder and involves all elements of the community in the search for solutions to these problems." (2 words) 8. In police organizations, activities (such as administration and training) that provide support for line operations. (2 words) 9. The opportunity of law enforcement officers to exercise choice in their daily activities. (2 words) 10. A style of policing marked by a concern for order maintenance. Watchman policing is characteristic of lower-class communities where informal police intervention into the lives of residents is employed in the service of keeping the peace. (2 words) 11. An initiative, sponsored by the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, designed to recognize outstanding innovative efforts to combat crime and to provide assistance to crime victims. (3 words) 14. The reorganization of conventional patrol strategies into "an integrated and versatile police team assigned to a fixed district." (2 words)