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Across 5. a cell, cell product, or organism that is genetically identical to the unit or individual from which it was derived. 6. The continued breeding of closely related individuals so as to preserve desirable traits in a stock. 11. the group of applied techniques of genetics and biotechnology used to cut up and join together genetic material and especially DNA from one or more species of organism and to introduce the result into an organism in order to change one or more of its characteristics 19. a full set of chromosomes; all the inheritable traits of an organism. 20. an in vitro technique for rapidly synthesizing large quantities of a given DNA segment that involves separating the DNA into its two complementary strands, using DNA polymerase to synthesize two-stranded DNA from each single strand, and repeating the process —abbreviation PCR 21. which are tiny microscope slides or silicon chips that are spotted with DNA fragments. 22. a group of alleles of different genes (as of the major histocompatibility complex) on a single chromosome that are closely enough linked to be inherited usually as a unit. 23. The analysis of the expression, localizations, functions, and interactions of proteomes.

Down 1. these variations in the DNA sequence that occur when a single nucleotide in the genome is altered. 2. an extrachromosomal ring of DNA especially of bacteria that replicates autonomously 3. An enzyme that closes nicks or discontinuities in one strand of double-stranded DNA by creating an ester bond between adjacent 3' OH and 5' PO4 ends on the same strand. 4. the science concerned with ways to compensate for genetic differences in patients which cause varied responses to a single drug 7. the field of study 8. A technique by which the DNA of an individual can be compared with that found in a sample or another individual. 9. a genetic test for heterozygosity in which an organism of dominant phenotype, but unknown genotype, is crossed to an organism recessive for all markers in question. 10. genetically engineered DNA usually incorporating DNA from more than one species of organism 12. such organsims genetically engineered by inserting a gene from another organism. 13. electrophoresis in which molecules (as proteins and nucleic acids) migrate through a gel and especially a polyacrylamide gel and separate into bands according to size 14. the intentional mating of two animals in an attempt to produce offspring with desirable characteristics or for the elimination of a trait 15. any of various enzymes that cleave DNA into fragments at specific sites in the interior of the molecule 16. some of the bacterial cells take up the recombinant plasmid DNA through a process. 17. the application of genetic engineering to the transplantation of genes into human cells in order to cure a disease caused by a genetic defect, as a missing enzyme. 18. the study of genomes.