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Across 1. sexual selection via male-male competition 5. male-female differences for sexually selected traits 10. Unpredictable fluctuations in allele frequencies from one generation to the next due to chance 11. science is a profoundly ________ discipline 12. is usually due to the gradual accumulation of small genetic changes and most easily occurs when populations are reproductively isolated 16. a formal method of generating new knowledge that aims to build a supportable, evidence-based understanding of our natural world 18. change in a population's allele frequencies (genetic makeup) over time 19. this type of selection acts to decrease a population's genetic variation over time but does not change its average trait value 20. He proposed that species evolve as environments change prior to Darwin, but his mechanism involved the inheritance of acquired traits 22. the other two types of homology discussed result from this third type of homology 23. decreased fitness that occurs as more deleterious recessive traits are expressed in the phenotypes of homozygous recessive individuals 25. This principle states that after one generation of random mating, genotype frequencies for two alleles at a locus will be: p2 + 2pq + q2 28. Darwin's model for explaining descent with modification 29. placed under house arrest by the Catholic Church for promoting heliocentric solar system model 31. sexual selection is typically more intense in _________ 34. _______ fitness is limited primarily by the ability to acquire mates 35. loss of complex features 37. (mating between relatives) reduces the frequency of heterozygotes and increases the frequency of homozygotes in each generation 38. this refers to a change in genetic diversity caused by a catastrophic plunge in population size 39. a localized group of individuals that are capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring 40. Genetic additions to, or subtractions from, a population resulting from the movement of fertile individuals or gametes; acts to homogenize populations 42. _______ selection for enhanced ability to attract mates 43. disruptive selection can eventually cause ____________ 44. the fundamental ______ of sex is that females usually (but not always) invest more in their offspring than males do 45. directional selection typically ______ population genetic diversity over time

Down 2. genetic variation in populations arises _______ through random mutation 3. a pattern of natural selection in which heterozygous individuals have higher fitness than homozygous individuals 4. A framework of beliefs relating to supernatural beings or forces that transcend the everyday material world 6. this occurs when natural selection increases the frequency of one allele 7. religion is a profoundly __________ discipline 8. This type of event occurs when a group leaves a population, emigrates to a new area, and starts a new population 9. _______ fitness is limited primarily by the ability to gain resources necessary to produce and rear young 13. heterozygote advantage typically __________ genetic diversity 14. observed that in nature plants and animals produce far more offspring than can survive 15. occurs when individuals with intermediate traits reproduce more than others, thereby maintaining intermediate phenotypes in a population 17. Darwin knew that _________ __________ could produce extensive variation quickly in domesticated Plants & Animals 21. this type of homology refers to similarity of morphological traits, such as the same general limb structure in vertebrates 24. genetic variation is constantly reshuffled into new allelic combinations by ________ 26. this type of homology refers to similarity in embryo morphology and/or pattern of tissue differentiation 27. recessive autosomal condition in humans that causes the amino acid phenylalanine to accumulate to toxic levels causing brain damage 30. Hutton, Cuvier & Lyell collectively helped found the scientific disciplines of Geology and _______ 32. the total aggregate of genes in a population at any one time 33. sexual selection via female choice 36. this type of selection is the opposite of stabilizing selection; it occurs when intermediate phenotypes are selected against and extreme phenotypes are favored 41. disruptive selection maintains genetic variation but does not change the _______ value of a trait