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Across 2. turning point in the war after Lee forced to retreat 6. Brown seizes Federal Arsenal 9. Confederate attack on federal property signaled the beginning of the war 11. Mississippi to launch an offensive against U.S. Grant and his Union troops 12. between Abraham and Stephen 14. most were abolitionist 16. Stephen Douglas pushes to enable central railroad route 17. Missouri enters the Union 18. Grant divided the Confederates in half 19. Lincoln becomes president

Down 1. California a free state, slave trade ended in D.C. Fugitive Slave Act enforced 3. Jayhawkers and Bushwhackers fight to decide popular sovereignty 4. Burnside's forces were repeatedly pushed back by Lee's army 5. "Stonewall" Jackson 7. Law controls runaway slaves throughout America 8. Preston Brooks defends his family's dignity 10. "to sea" incorporates view of "total war" to demoralize the South 11. most owned slaves 13. against slavery 15. McClellan failed to finish off the outnumbered Confederate army