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Across 2. physical change in the brain that occurs when a memory is formed 4. visual sensory memory, lasting only a fraction of a second 5. the changes that take place in the structure and functioning of neurons when an engram is formed 9. error of recognition in which people think that they recognize some stimulus that is not actually in memory 11. holding onto information for some period of time 12. the set of mental operations that people perform on sensory information to convert that information into a form that is usable in the brain's storage systems 15. a method of transferring information from STM into LTM by making that information meaningful in some way 18. the ability to access a visual memory for 30 seconds or more 20. another name for decay, assuming that memories that are not used will eventually decay and disappear 21. type of long-term memory containing information that is conscious and known 27. loss of memory from the point of some injury or trauma backwards, or loss of memory for the past 28. referring to the retrieval of memories in which those memories are altered, revised, or influenced by newer information 31. type of memory retrieval in which the information to be retrieved must be pulled from memory with very few external cues 32. getting information that is in storage into a form that can be used 39. an active system that receives information from the senses, puts that information into a usable form, and organizes it as it stores it away, and then retrieves the information from storage 45. a model of memory in which memory processes are proposed to take place at the same time over a large network of neural connections 46. type of declarative memory containing personal information not readily available to others 47. the tendency of misleading information presented after an event to alter the memories of the event itself 48. the system of memory into which all the information is placed to be kept more or less permanently 49. the inability to retrieve memories from much before age 3 50. the ability to focus on only one stimulus from among all sensory input

Down 1. an active system that processes the information in short term memory 3. the brief memory of something a person has just heard 6. type of declarative memory containing general knowledge 7. type of automatic encoding that occurs because an unexpected event has strong emotional associations for the person remembering it 8. a stimulus for remembering 10. failure to process information into memory 13. loss of memory due to the passage of time, during which the memory trace is not used 14. practice of saying some information to be remembered over and over in one's head in order to maintain it in short-term memory 16. model of memory that assumes the processing of information for memory storage is similar to the way a computer processes memory in a series of three stages 17. tendency of information at the beginning and end of a body of information to be remembered more accurately than information in the middle of the body of information 19. model of memory that assumes information that is more deeply processed will be remembered more efficiently and for a longer period of time 22. the ability to match a piece of information or a stimulus to a stored image or fact 23. the memory system in which information is held for brief periods of time while being used 24. a graph showing a distinct pattern in which forgetting is very fast within the first hour after learning a list and then tapers off gradually 25. type of long-term memory including memory for skills, procedures, habits, and conditioned responses 26. memory retrieval problem that occurs when newer information prevents or intereferes with the retrieval of older information 29. memory retrieval problem that occurs when older information prevents or interferes with the retrieval of newer information 30. the memory for events and facts related to one's personal life story 33. spacing the study of materials to be remembered by including breaks between study periods 34. the tendency for memory of information to be improved if related information available when the memory is first formed is also available when the memory is being retrieved 35. loss of memory from the point of injury or trauma forward, or the inability to form new long-term memories 36. tendency to remember information at the beginning of a body of information better than the information that follows 37. model of memory organization that assumes information is stored in the brain in a connected fashion, with concepts that are related stored physically closer to each other than concepts that are not highly related 38. memory that is consciously known 40. tendency to remember information at the end of a body of information better than the information at the beginning of it 41. tendency of certain kinds of information to enter long-term memory with little or no effortful encoding 42. the very first stage of memory, the point at which information enters the nervous system through the sensory systems 43. memory that is not easily brought into conscious awareness 44. the tendency to falsely believe, through revision of older memories to include newer information, that one could have correctly predicted the outcome of an event