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Across 4. referring to a gene that actively controls the expression of a trait 6. type of thought common to adolescents in which young people believe themselves to be unique and protected from harm 7. the influence of our inherited characteristics on our personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions 13. Vygotsky's concept of the difference between what a child can do alone and what that child can do with the help of a teacher 17. sense of wholeness that comes from having lived a full life and the ability to let go of regrets; the final completion of the ego 20. the scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age from conception until death 22. research design in which participants are first studied by means of a cross-sectional design but are also followed and assessed for a period of not more than six years 23. in Piaget's theory, the tendency of a young child to focus only on one feature of an object while ignoring other relevant features 24. times during which certain environmental influences can have an impact on the development of the infant 25. Piaget's second stage of cognitive development in which the preschool child learns to use language as a means of exploring the world 27. first level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the child's behavior is governed by the consequences of the behavior 29. Piaget's last stage of cognitive development, in which the adolescent becomes capable of abstract thinking 32. style of parenting in which parents are rigid and overly strict, showing little warmth to the child 34. the behavioral characteristics that are fairly well established at birth 35. the science of inherited traits 38. the time from about eight weeks after conception until the birth of the child 39. special molecule that contains the genetic material of the organism 42. in Piaget's theory, the inability of the young child to mentally reverse an action 43. the inability to see the world through anyone else's eyes 44. first two weeks after fertilization, during which the zygote moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining 47. process in which a more skilled learner gives help to a less skilled learner, reducing the amount of help as the less skilled learner becomes a more capable 50. the period from two to eight weeks after fertilization, during which the major organs and structures of the organism develop 53. Piaget's frist stage of cognitive development in which the infant uses its senses and motor abilities to interact with objects in the environment 54. any factor that can cause a birth defect 55. often called fraternal twins, occurring when two eggs each get fertilized by two different sperm, resulting in two zygotes in the uterus at the same time 56. referring to a gene that only influences the expression of a trait when paired with an identical gene 57. research design in which several different age groups of participants are studied at one particular point in time 58. the cessation of ovulation and menstrual cycles and the end of a woman's reproductive capability 59. perception of one's gender and the behavior that is associated with that gender 60. the moment at which a female becomes pregnant

Down 1. the union of the ovum and sperm 2. the physical changes that occur in the body as sexual development reaches its peak 3. an emotional and psychological closeness that is based on the ability to trust, share, and care, while still maintaining a sense of self 5. fifth stage of personality development in which the adolescent must find a consistent sense of self 8. permissive parenting in which parents are so involved that children are allowed to behave without set limits 9. the emotional bond between an infant and the primary caregiver 10. third level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the person's behavior is governed by moral principles that have been decided on by the individual and that may be in disagreement with accepted social norms 11. third stage of cognitive development in which the school-age child becomes capable of logical thought processes but is not yet capable of abstract thinking 12. type of thought common to adolescents in which young people believe that other people are just as concerned about the adolescent's thoughts and characteristics as they themselves are 14. the behavior associated with being male or female 15. second level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the child's behavior is governed by conforming to the society's norms of behavior 16. the development of thinking, problem solving, and memory 18. providing guidance to one's children or the next generation, or contributing to the well-being of the next generation through career or volunteer work 19. identical twins formed when one zygote splits into two separate masses of cells, each of which develops into a separate embryo 21. style of parenting in which parents make few, if any demands on a child's behavior 26. in Piaget's theory, the ability to understand that simply changing the appearance of an object does not change the object's nature 28. style of parenting in which parents combine warmth and affection with firm limits on a child's behavior 30. the influence of the environment on personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions 31. section of DNA having the same arrangement of chemical elements 33. the period of life from about age 13 to the early twenties, during which a young person is no longer physically a child but is not yet an independent, self-supporting adult 36. the knowledge that an object exists even when it is not in sight 37. research design in which one participant or group of participants is studied over a long period of time 40. the female sex cell, or egg 41. theory of adjustment to aging that assumes older people are happier if they remain active in some way, such as volunteering or developing a hobby 45. name for the developing organism from two weeks to eight weeks after fertilization 46. gradual changes in the sexual hormones and reproductive system of middle-aged males 48. cell resulting from the uniting of the ovum and sperm 49. name for the developing organism from eight weeks after fertilization to the birth of the baby 51. tightly wound strand of genetic material or DNA 52. in this case, a mental concept fromed through experiences with objects and events