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Across 1. cessation of breathing (if you choke on an apple you will stop breathing) 4. bronchi divides into __ (plural) which have no cartilage 7. caused by regular and alternating activation of the diaphragm and laryngeal muscles, and upon expiration: vibration of vocal cords is caused by recoil of the lungs 8. paired, lobular, left and right, frictionless movement, expand, lined by pleura 10. on average, there is about 11g of this per 100 ml of blood. it has a high affinity for oxygen when oxygen levels are low in the body. 13. aka nostrils, paired external openings to air passages 17. __ __ is the area where there is no gas exchange occuring: the space between the nostrils and the alveoli 18. central chemoreceptors respond to __ __ 19. bronchioles dead end into the __, which are lined in a thin layer of fluid 21. moving air into and out of the lungs 22. __ __ is the volume inhaled/exhaled in the deepest breath 27. difficult breathing (too much dyssert makes me so full i can hardly breath) 28. moving air into the lungs 29. normal atmospheric air contains 20% oxygen. The air you expire out of your lungs contains __% less oxygen than that, and __% (same number) Carbon dioxide 32. __ is one of many (including species, age, body size, etc.) factors that affect respiratory frequency 33. a control of ventilation that works to dissipate heat. it involves increased ventilatory breathing rate but decreased tidal volume (amount in each breath) 34. __ __ volume is the amount that can still be inspired after a normal breath 39. the __ __ are one of five structures that have an opening into the pharynx, along with mouth, larynx,esophagus, etc. 40. passage to the lungs 41. alveolar fluid contains pulmonary __: it reduces surface tension, promotes stability, and makes expansion easier 42. peripheral chemoreceptors located in __ and aortic bodies (less important than central chemoreceptors) 43. serous membrane that covers the lungs; single layer of cells fused with surface connective tissue 44. __ __ % of carbon dioxide is bound to hemoglobin: carbaminohemoglobin 47. increased depth or frequency of breathing 49. __ __ __ is all of the air the lungs could hold 52. a function of the pharynx 54. __ volume is the air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation 56. __ rhythmicity controls respiration/ventilation; neurons fire with a set rhythm, contracting the diaphragm 57. __ volume in lungs is volume inhaled/exhaled in a normal breath 58. __ cartilage in the larynx gives humans the "adam's apple" 59. trachea divides into __ (except in ruminants and pigs) 60. __ input is one of the three controls of ventilation; it includes central and peripheral chemoreceptors 61. abnormal slowness of breathing (braids in your hair take a lot of time to do right)

Down 2. normal quiet breathing (the prefix to this word means happy/normal. Eugene is a normal dude) 3. __ (abbr): sometimes, during exercise of horses (or greyhounds), pressures generated in pulmonary capillaries are so great that they rupture and blood enters the airways, and causes blood to come out the nose 5. __ __ volume is the amount of air that can be still expired after a normal breath 6. part of the larynx, this cartilage flap that folds during swallowing to protect trachea 7. common passageway for air and food 8. treatment for a horse who has exercised and developed flaccid vocal ligament flutters, is prosthetic __. 9. __ __ can explain why breathing works because it says that as a volume increases the pressure of gasses inside that volume decreases, and since pressure in atmosphere is greater than in lungs, air moves in. 11. __ cartilage attaches to vocal cords 12. central chemoreceptors, peripheral chemoreceptors, and __ receptors are three portions of the neural input that work to control ventilation 14. __ __ is air forced out after a normal exhalation 15. excessively rapid breathing (it's tacky to speed walk in high heels, run instead, if you have to) 16. __ __ is the total functional capacity (max amount of air that can be breathed in after the most forceful expiration 20. what percent of air breathed out of lungs AND normal atmospheric air is Nitrogen? (it is the same number!) 22. __ __ catalyzes the reaction of water and carbon dioxide. 23. left recurrent __ __ is also known as "roaring" in horses. 24. rapid shallow breathing (poly the Pekingese was panting!) 25. the organ of phonation 26. __ bones are aka conchae; they separate nasal cavity into passages 30. horses can't expand their __ during exercise will develop a condition called 'roaring'. 31. alveolar sacs contain alveoli cells and are covered by a network of __ 35. this tube is used when breathing must be assisted in surgery. the epiglottis must be lifted out of the way so the tube can pass down into the lungs when inserting 36. __ cartilage is the only structure to form a complete ring around the larynx. interesting fact: When intubating a patient under general anesthesia prior to surgery, the anesthesiologist will press on the __ cartilage to compress the esophagus behind it so as to prevent gastric reflux from occurring: this is known as the Sellick maneuver. 37. water + carbon dioxide yields sodium bicarbonate and __ __ 38. inspirations involves the enlargement of the thorax, contraction of the diaphragm and __ muscles. 45. moving air out of the lungs 46. protein similar to Hb, except it doesn't reside in the blood unless there has been an injury to muscle; it resides in muscle tissue, and can bind oxygen and iron from the muscle 48. __ ligaments give side-to-side flexibility to the trachea 50. the utterance of sounds/speech 51. the larynx is the gatekeeper to the __ 53. slit between two vocal ligaments 55. the nasal __ separates nasal cavity in to halves, and is made of cartilage and plate bone