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Across 1. regurgitation is not gastric motility because technically, it is controlled by the wrong type of __ (hint: it's not smooth!) 2. the "true" stomach of the ruminant (because it is glandular and chemical digestion occurs here) 4. describes a biological interaction where a predator (an organism that is hunting) feeds on its prey (the organism that is attacked). 11. the digestive tract muscles are made of circular and longitudinal __ muscle 13. the region of the stomach that forms the bulge (blind sac) near the cardia. in horses it's nonglandular mucosa. it's where undigested food and gas can be stored 14. enzyme excreted from exocrine pancreas, works to digest proteins into amino acids 16. bacteria, __ and other microbes live in the ruminant forestomach to help digest cellulose into mono and polysaccharides which can be further digested by the mammal. 20. the __ stomach has an omasum in it. 21. horses and __ generally can't vomit because of the tight esophageal sphincter 22. a function of the digestive tract, it means to chew 24. the __ peritoneum creates the abdominal wall 25. brings ingesta back into mouth for remastication and reinsalivation (strong contraction of RETICULUM) 29. this species has a 33L cecum 31. the rumen, reticulum, and omasum make up the __ which is the forestomach 35. an example of a species that is a monogastric with an unsacculated colon, with minimal actual fermentation 39. the eating of insects (carnivores) 40. molecules are transported into the body against a concentration gradient which requires energy 41. meat eaters 42. part of small intestine motility includes __ which allows for alternating areas of contraction 44. the act of foraging now and chewing later 45. the __ __ is the space between the lips and teeth 46. the gastric region of the stomach; size determined by degree of filling 48. plant eaters 50. the eating of wax (honey and wax) 53. herbivores have complex digestive tracts because the mammalian enzymes cannot digest __ 55. what keeps the enzymes etc from breaking down the actual stomach tissue? 57. blind sac of large intestine (appendix) 59. the double layer of peritoneum that attaches organs to abdominal wall 60. the alternating contraction and relaxation of esophagus that moves food down to stomach 61. this part of the ruminant stomach is the site for water absorption 62. a gland in the nonruminant stomach that secretes mucus 63. produce bile 67. the middle part of the three regions of small intestine 69. __ action describes the acidic breakdown of food. digestion that works on medium sized particles 71. consists of water, electrolytes, mucus, and enzymes. 73. the name of the region of small intestine that begins at the pylorus, and receives ducts from pancreas and liver 75. this species has a large 2L cecum 76. __ (abbr) can be absorbed directly from the forestomach to provide energy to ruminants 77. 200L a day of saliva produced in these animals 78. the reticulum has this shape in common with some beehives. 81. this chamber of the ruminant stomach is a big one for fermentation; it is the second chamber that digesta moves into after being swallowed. 82. the brush border on enterocytes 83. the __ peritoneum contacts the organs 85. __ glands secrete the mucus that is in the gastric juice 86. nectar eaters 88. a salivary enzyme with antibacterial actions 90. one of the acids produced from fermentative digestion when digeste it can become acetyle CoA and enter the citric acid cycle 92. the omasum is lined with this to help with grinding the food down. 94. 10-12 L a day of saliva produced in these animals 95. __ action is the biological cleavage of food. this type of digestion, along with fermentation, has specific actions on particles 96. plant and meat eaters 97. regurgitate 98. the __ region of the stomach is near the duodenum, and contains the sphincter that regulates outflow into the small intestine.

Down 1. the layer of digestive tract between submucosa and epithelia 3. __ action describes the breaking down of the large particles of food by chewing and gut motility 4. molecules enter the body with out energy expenditure 5. the cells lining the digestive tract 6. __ (abbr) affect prostaglandins which stimulate mucus to be secreted in the stomach. this may be an adverse effect of the medicine 7. this animal has no gall bladder 8. a mixture of water, gastric juices and food, that is forced thought the pyloric sphincter to enter the duodenum 9. these animals have a relatively small cecum, 12cm diameter, it's a storage site, with some microbial digestion. 10. the nonglandular __ is another name for the forestomach of ruminants (hint: "venter" means "belly" in latin) 12. what cells secrete HCl in the stomach? 15. __ are underwater creatures that are hindgut fermenters, along with horses, guinea pigs, rabbits, elephants, rhinos, and koalas 17. forms fecal balls in the colon 18. common passage for food and air; muscle directs food and liquid into esophagus and air into larynx 19. the innermost part of the digestive tract: the inside space 23. cattle, sheep, kangaroos, antelopes, giraffes, and the __ are all pre-gastric (foregut) fermenters. 24. the lips help in the digestive process by engaging in __ (the act of grabbing something) 26. the only structure between the ruminant's heart and reticulum 27. the inactive form of pepsin 28. fruit eaters 30. __ are cecal, hind-gut fermenters (also technically monogastric) 32. the eating of sea sponges (carnivorous) 33. there are two dental __: one with mandible and the other with maxilla 34. the eating of termites or ants (carnivorous) 36. the __ colon is the part of the colon that is most variable among species. 37. cellulose and __ are complex carbs from plant walls that no mammals can digest, only microbes. 38. seed eaters 43. cells that line the small intestine 47. the longest part of the small intestine 49. fingerlike projections that protrude into the lumen to increase surface area for absorption 51. starch digesting enzyme present in omnivores like the pig, but absent in ruminants and limited in the horse 52. the most cranial of forestomach 54. muscular tube extending from pharynx to stomach 56. type of digestive tract that is not pre-gut, hind-gut or monogastric? 57. hindgut fermenters have an enlarged colon AND/OR __ 58. what cells secrete the inactive form of pepsin? 60. one of the acids produced from fermentative digestion; when digested, two of these 3 carbon molecules can join together and form glucose 64. fermentative digestion occurs in ruminant forestomach and is __ 65. the act of burping; forestomach motility moves gas inot the rumen for this to happen 66. the most outside (away from the digesta) part of the digestive tract, the membrane. 68. the gap between canines and incisors 70. of the three regions of small intestine, this is the last. It has more lymph nodules and it is continuous with the large intestine 72. the eating of fish (carnivores) 74. the esophageal __ is where the esophagus passes through the diaphragm 75. the gland in the nonruminant stomach that secretes mucus and gastrin 79. in the mouth, the musculomucosal tissue (horsees have a very long one which can't be lifted for air to pass, so they can only breathe through nose) 80. the process of reducing feed particles to molecules so they can enter the body 81. large particles of food that aren't ground up enough by the folds in the omasum will not pass to the abomasum, instead they go into the __ 84. there is a __ relationship with microbial organisms and the herbivorous digestive tracts: the microbes digest the fiber 85. a gland in the nonruminant stomach that secretes mucus, HCl, and pepsinogen 87. the anal canal and anal opening 89. vomiting 91. the region of the stomach where the lumen of esophagus meets the stomach; well developed in the horse (almost impossible to vomit) 93. one of the acids produced from fermentative digestion; when digested it can become acetyl coenzyme A and enter krebs cycle