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Across 1. a form of learning in which an aversive stimulus (e.g. an electrical shock) is associated with a particular neutral context (e.g., a room) or neutral stimulus (e.g., a tone), resulting in the expression of fear responses to the originally neutral stimulus or context. 3. a type of conditioned learning which occurs because of the subject’s instinctive responses 4. This type of stimulus unconditionally elicits a response, also referred to as a respondent. 6. Founder of Pavlovian conditioning; provided the most famous example of classical conditioning 7. attempts to eliminate an unwanted CR through massive exposure of the associated CS, as in extinction 9. a type of behavioral therapy used in the field of psychology to help effectively overcome phobias and other anxiety disorders.;attempts to eliminate an unwanted CR, such as anxiety, by gradually exposing the patient to associated CS's (e.g. angry words) in a relaxing situation 10. a form of learning in which an individual's behavior is modified by its consequences; the behavior may change in form, frequency, or strength 11. an initially neutral stimulus that is paired with the unconditioned stimulus 12. Synonym for Classical Conditioning;developed by the Russian physiologist Ivan Petrovich Pavlov 13. A response may be produced with very high probability after a specific stimulus; doesnt require prior learning 14. psychological perspective which rose to prominence in the mid-20th century. With its roots running from Socrates through the Renaissance, this approach emphasises an individual's inherent drive towards self-actualization. 15. contingent on the willful actions of the subject 16. to an unconditioned stimulus without prior conditioning 17. a form of psychological treatment in which the patient is exposed to a stimulus while simultaneously being subjected to some form of discomfort. This conditioning is intended to cause the patient to associate the stimulus with unpleasant sensations in order to stop the specific behavior.

Down 2. The influence of classical conditioning can be seen in emotional responses such as phobia, disgust, nausea, anger, and sexual arousal. 3. A stimulus that is present when a drug is administered or consumed may eventually evoke a conditioned physiological response that mimics the effect of the drug. 5. the response that the conditioned stimulus elicits after it has been repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus 8. Signals that consistently precede food intake can become conditioned stimuli for a set of bodily responses that prepares the body for food and digestion.