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Across 6. mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide 7. occurs when part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another 10. refers to a chromosome that has a corresponding chromosome from the opposite-sex parent 11. condition in which an organisms has an extra set of chromosomes 12. RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell 13. copying process by which a cell duplicates its DNA 18. a chromosomal mutation that produces extra copies of a chromosome 19. a chromosomal mutation resulting in the loss of part or all of a chromosome 20. a cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes, therefore a single set of genes 23. a mutation that reverses the direction of all or part of a chromosome 24. three-nucleotide sequence on mRNA that codes for a single amino acid 25. group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon

Down 1. decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain 2. breeding technique that involves crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best traits of both organisms 3. process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence in RNA 4. enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule 5. gene mutation involving changes in one or few nucleotides 8. type of RNA that makes up the major part of ribosomes 9. monomer of nucleic acids made up of a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base 14. type of RNA that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis 15. process by which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell 16. change in DNA sequence that affects genetic information 17. a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes 21. sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait 22. structure containing four chromatids that forms during meiosis