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Across 3. A series of ten chemical reactions that oxidize glucose to produce pyruvate and ATP. Used by all organisms as part of fermentation or cellular respiration. 5. A molecule produced by oxidation of pyruvate (the final product of glycolysis) in a reaction catalyzed by pyruvate dehydrogenase. Can enter the citric cycle and also is used as a carbon source in the synthesis of fatty acids, steroids, and other compounds. 8. Central compartment of a mitochondrion, which is lined by the inner membrance; contains the enzymes and substrates of the citric acid cycle and mitochondrial DNA. 11. Six-carbon monosaccharide whose oxidation in cellular respiration is the major source of ATP in animal cells. 13. The addition of a phosphate group to a molecule. 15. Sac-like invaginations of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion. Location of the electron transport chain and ATP synthase. 16. A nonprotein molecule that shuttles electrons between membrane-bound complexes in the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Also called coenzyme Q. 17. A molecule consisting of adenine, a sugar, and three phosplate groups that can be hydrolyzed to release energy. Universally used by cells to store and transfer energy.

Down 1. Any set of membrane-bound protein complexes and smaller soluble electron carriers involved in a coordinated series of redox reactions in which the potential energy of electrons transferred from reduced donors is successively decreased and used to pump protons from one side of a membrane to the other. 2. An atom's gain of electrons during a redox reaction, either by acceptance of an electron from another atom or by the elctrons in a covalent bond moving closer to the atomic nucleus. 4. A large enzyme complex, located in the inner mitochondrial membrane, that is responsible for conversion of pyruvate to actyl CoA during cellular respiration. 6. A series of eight chemical reactions that starts with citrate and ends with oxaloacetate, which reacts with acetyl CoA to form citrate - forming a cycle that is part of the pathway that oxidizes glucose to CO2. 7. The combined effect of a proton gradient and an electric potential gradient across a membrane, which can drive protons across the membrane. Used by mitochondria and chloroplasts to power ATP synthesis via the mechanism of chemiosmosis. 9. A large membrane-bound protein complex in chloroplasts, mitochondria, and some bacteria that uses the energy of protons flowing through it to synthesize ATP. 10. A soluable iron-containing protein that shuttle electrons between membrane-bound complexes in the mitochondrial electron transport chain. 12. An energetic coupling mechanism whereby energy stored in an electrochemical proton gradient (proton-motive force) is used to drive an energy-requiring process such as production of ATP. 14. The loss of electrons from an atom during a redox reaction, either by donation of an electron to another atom or by the shared electrons in covalent bonds moving farther from the atomic nucleus.