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Across 5. the rule of the many,” government by the people, either directly or through their elected representatives 9. military expedition carried out by European Christians in the Middle Ages to Regain the Holy Land from the Muslims 12. instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the positions of stars 13. "wedge shaped,” a system of writing developed by the Sumerians using a reed stylus to create wedge-shaped impressions on a clay tablet 16. the duty of family members to subordinate their needs and desires to those of the male head of the family, a concept important to Confucianism (2 Words) 19. the journey of Muhammad and his followers to Madinah in 622, which became year 1 of the official calendar of Islam 21. "priest-carvings” or “sacred writings” a complex system of writing that used both pictures and more abstract forms; used by ancient Egyptians and Mayans 25. A chain of Islands 26. “great names,” heads of noble families in Japan who controlled vast landed estates and relied on samurai for protection 28. the system of political and ethical ideas formulated by the Chinese philosopher Confucius toward the end of the Zhou Dynasty; it was intended to help restore order to a society that was in a state of confusion 29. a city that has political and economic control over the surrounding countryside 30. religious doctrine introduced in northern India in the sixth century B.C.E by Siddhartha Gautama, known as the Buddha, or “Enlightened One” 32. economic system in which people invest in trade or goods to make profits (2 Words) 33. a family of rulers who’s right to rule is passed on within the family

Down 1. church leaders 2. political and social system that developed during the Middle Ages, when royal governments were no longer able to defend their subjects; nobles offered protection and land in return for their service 3. a uniform system of law that developed in England based on court decisions and on customs and usage rather than on written law codes; replaced law codes that varied from place to place (2 Words) 4. a family of languages spoken in central and southern Africa; a member of any group of the African peoples who speak the language 6. a long poem that tells the deeds of a great hero, such as the Iliad and the Odyssey of Homer (2 Words) 7. “the way of the warrior,” the strict code by which Japanese Samurai were supposed to live 8. outbreak of disease that spreads rapidly 10. In early Greek City-States, a fortified gathering place a the top of a hill which was sometimes the site of temples and public buildings 11. under feudalism, a grant of land made to a vassal; the vassal held political authority over his fief 13. a set of rigid categories in ancient India that determined a person’s occupation and economic potential as well as his or her position in society (2 Words) 14. the major Indian religious system, which had its origins in the religious beliefs of the Aryans who settled India after 1500 B.C.E 15. a business association associated with a particular trade or craft; guilds evolved 9n the twelfth century and came to play a leading role on the economic life of medieval cities 17. a successor of Muhammad as spiritual and temporal leader of the Muslims 18. the denial of basic church doctrines 20. adaptation for human use 22. humans and other humanlike creatures that walk upright 23. monotheistic religion that emerged during the first century 24. a complex culture in which large numbers of people share a number of common elements such as social structure, religion, and art 27. a large political unit, usually under a single leader, that controls many peoples or territories 31. "Way,” the key to proper behavior under Confucianism