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Across 1. economic cycle that farmers got stuck in 4. Scottish American industrialist who led the enormous expansion of the American steel industry in the late 19th century. 7. third-party movement that sprang up in the 1890s and drew support especially from disgruntled farmers 11. wire with clusters of short, sharp spikes set at intervals along it, used to make fences or in warfare as an obstruction. 12. a large area of grazing land without fences or other barriers. 13. article written by Andrew Carnegie in 1889 that describes the responsibility of philanthropy by the new upper class of self-made rich 14. American business magnate and philanthropist. He was a co-founder of the Standard Oil Company, which dominated the oil industry and was the first great U.S. business trust 18. town or city in a cattle-raising area of western North America. 19. considered the "Father" of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry 20. island in San Francisco Bay that immigrants from asia come through 23. process by which a person acquire the social and psychological characteristics of a group 25. a farmers' association organized in 1867. The Grange sponsors social activities, community service, and political lobbying. 26. combination in one company of two or more stages of production normally operated by separate companies. 27. federal law established in 1883 that decided that government jobs should be awarded on the basis of merit instead of political affiliation. 28. regulatory agency in the United States created by the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 29. dominant force in the populist wing of the Democratic Party, standing three times as the Party's candidate for President of the United States 30. refusal to work organized by a body of employees as a form of protest 32. federal law intended to turn Native Americans into farmers and landowners by providing cooperating families with 160 acres of reservation land for farming 33. where a particular group of immigrant from a ceratin location stay close together such as china town 34. Striking miners demanded higher wages, shorter workdays, and union recognition.

Down 2. party program adopted at the formative convention of the Populist (or People's) Party held in Omaha, Nebraska on July 4, 1892. 3. "Father of the American Cartoon" 5. house for immigrant workers unsafe and shapped like workout equipment 6. American financier, banker, philanthropist and art collector who dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation during his time 8. theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals 9. system allowing the unrestricted currency of two metals (e.g., gold and silver) as legal tender at a fixed ratio to each other. 10. a steel-making process, now largely superseded, in which carbon, silicon, and other impurities are removed from molten pig iron by oxidation 15. southern eastern europeans migrated to america 16. when a company acquires competitors in the same industry doing the same stage of production for the creation of a monopoly 17. delivered by William Jennings Bryan, a former United States Representative from Nebraska, at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago on July 9, 1896. 21. island that is located in Upper New York Bay in the Port of New York where immigrants come through 22. American politician most notable for being the "boss" of Tammany Hall, 24. a cowboy or a cattle driver. 31. the exclusion of employees by their employer from their place of work until certain terms are agreed to.