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Across 6. “New Stone Age” the archaeological term for societies that used stone tools and practiced agriculture 7. a ruler in ancient Egypt 9. earliest site in the Americas, where evidence of human occupation has been found dating to 12,000 B.C.E. (3 Words) 12. Egyptian hieroglyphs were a formal writing system used by the ancient Egyptians that combined logographic and alphabetic element 13. cultivating crops for the purpose of feeding a group of people 14. the first female ancestor shared by all living humans, who was identified by analysis of mitochondrial DNA (2 Words) 15. Australopithecus afarensis is an extinct hominin that lived between 3.9 and 2.9 million years ago (2 Words) 17. reddish-brown iron based pigment that ancient peoples used to color the soil and to decorate walls 19. a female character who appears in Tablets I and II of the Epic of Gilgamesh and is mentioned in Tablet VII. She is a sacred prostitute who plays a significant role in bringing the wild man Enkidu into contact with civilization 21. term referring to all human beings and their ancestors but no to chimpanzees, gorillas, or orangutans 24. Australopithecus africanus is an extinct species of the australopithecines, the first of an early ape-form species to be classified as hominin (2 Words) 25. -- Paranthropus boisei or Australopithecus boisei was an early hominin, described as the largest of the Paranthropus genus (2 Words) 29. Gilgamesh is the main character in the Epic of Gilgamesh, an Akkadian poem that is considered the first great work of literature 32. to wander or go in search of provisions 33. an ancient city of Sumer and later Babylonia, situated east of the present bed of the Euphrates River 34. the world’s largest early settlement, with a population of 5,000 in 6000 B.C.E., located in modern Turkey 35. a bright blue metamorphic rock consisting largely of lazurite, used for decoration and in jewelry (2 Words) 36. remains of a male found near Mungo Lake in the southeastern Australian state of New South Wales, dated to about 40,000 B.C.E. (2 Words)

Down 1. biological term for modern human beings belonging to the genus Homo, species sapiens, and subspecies sapiens (3 Words) 2. Ardipithecus is a genus of an extinct hominine that lived during Late Miocene and Early Pliocene in Afar Depression, Ethiopia (2 Words) 3. the Characteristic stone spear points that were in use around 11,000 B.C.E. across much of modern day America (3 Words) 4. model proposed by Charles Darwin to explain the development of new species through genetic mutation and natural selection 5. a member of a nomadic people who live chiefly by hunting, fishing, and harvesting wild food 8. the combination and a sub-discipline of paleontology and physical anthropology is the study of the formation and the development of the specific characteristics of humans(hominization) and the reconstruction of evolutionary kinship lines in the family Hominidae 10. Homo erectus is an extinct species of hominid that lived throughout most of the Pleistocene geological epoch (2 Words) 11. group of premodern humans who lived between 100,000 and 25,000 B.C.E. in western Asia and Europe, eventually replaced by Homo sapiens sapiens 13. change from Hunter-gatherer existence to cultivating crops and raising animals (2 Words) 16. archaeological principle that, at an undisturbed site, material from upper layers must be more recent than the lower layers 18. Enkidu is a central figure in the Ancient Mesopotamian Epic of Gilgamesh. 20. belief system that holds that divine powers control the environment and people’s fortunes 22. landmass now submerged below water that connected the tip of Siberia to the Northeastern corner of Alaska 23. a sheep or cattle farmer 26. the Mesopotamian East Semitic (Akkadian, Assyrian and Babylonian) goddess of fertility, love, war, and sex 27. the first people to cultivate crops and domesticate animals, c. 9400 B.C.E., who lived in Palestine and southern Syria 28. In Ancient Mesopotamian religion, Humbaba, also spelled Huwawa and surnamed the Terrible, was a monstrous giant of immemorial age raised by Utu, the Sun god 30. refers to a thick type of paper made from the pith of the papyrus plant 31. the first walled settlement, built between 8300 and 7500 B.C.E., with a population around one thousand people