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Across 5. Spiritual and Temporal head of Islam 6. Slave girl who worked her way up to wife of a Muslim Caliph 7. The act of strugling or fighting against non-Muslims 8. Muslim geographer who created one of the first written resources ab out Africa 9. Spanish Courtier who after going on a hajj, wrote an account if his travels (2 Words) 11. larger of the two Muslim sects 13. The last ritual of the Hajj, where one stands in the place Muhammad gave his last sermon (2 Words) 14. Holy book of Islam 16. Piety, Prayer, giving of alms, observing Ramadan, Hajj (4 Words) 17. Pilgrimage road that linked Mecca with Medina (2 Words) 18. Tool invented by Muslims which is used in navigation

Down 1. Secondary texts of Islam, contain anecdotal stories of Muhammad 2. Attempt to translate all texts of science into Arabic (2 Words) 3. African coastal region which largely converted to Islam 4. Council of learned Islamic scholars 8. Dynasty who ruled from BaghdadTranslation Movement (2 Words) 10. Prophet of Allah, founder of Islam 11. smaller of the two Muslim sects 12. The ritualistic trip from Muslims must make during their lifetime if they are able 14. Individuals who sat in judgement of disputes between Muslims 15. Grant given by the Caliph to a person to collect taxes and govern an area (2 Words)