1		2
3														4				5
											6					7
	8
						9
				10
11
12
13

Across 2. A centralized political entity consolidated through the conquest and colonization of other nations or peoples in order to benefit the ruler and/or his homeland. 3. Born Gaius Octavius, this grand-nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar came to power in 27 b.c.e. His reign signals the end of the Roman Republic and the beginning of the period when Rome was dominated by autocratic emperors. 8. Three periods of warfare between Rome and a maritime empires who struggled for dominance of the Mediterranean. Rome emerged as the victor taking control of Sicily, North Africa and Hispania (Spain). 9. The Romans traced the founding to the overthrow of their last king and the establishment of a unique form of constitutional government, in which the power of the aristocracy (embodied by the Senate) was checked by the executive rule of two elected consuls and the collective will of the people. 10. legendary citizen-farmer of Rome who reluctantly accepted an appointment as dictator. After defeating Rome's enemies, he allegedly left his political office and returned to his farm. 11. Originally the term for any conquering commander of the Roman army whose victories merited celebration in an official triumph. After Augustus seized power in 27 b.c.e., it was the title born by the sole ruler of the Roman Empire. 12. Mythical founder of Rome, a refugee from the city of Troy whose adventures were described by the poet Virgil 13. a virtuous Roman wife who was raped by the son of Rome's last king and who virtuously committed suicide in order to avoid bringing shame on her family.

Down 1. Literally translated as "the code of the elders" or "the custom of ancestors." This unwritten code governed the lives of Romans 2. Settlers of the Italian peninsula who dominated the region from the late Bronze Age until the rise of the Roman Republic in the sixth century b.c.e. 4. In 46 b.c.e. he was named dictator for ten years; two years later, this was changed to a lifetime appointment. In addition, he assumed nearly every other title that could augment his power. In imitation of the Egyptian calendar (slightly modified by a Greek astronomer) he revised the Roman calendar so as to make a 365-day year with an extra day added every fourth year. This Julian calendar (as adjusted by Pope Gregory XIII in 1582) is still observed. 5. Modern term for the centuries of autocratic rule by the successors of Augustus, who seized power in 27 b.c.e. and styled himself princeps or Rome's "first man." 6. (27 b.c.e.–180 c.e.) Literally translated as "the Roman Peace." During this time, the Roman world enjoyed an unprecedented period of peace and political stability. 7. The "Greek-like" culture that dominated the ancient world in the wake of Alexander's conquests. 10. the great maritime empire that grew out of Phoenician trading colonies in North Africa and rivaled the power of Rome. Its wars with Rome ended in its destruction in 146 b.c.e.