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Across 5. specific characteristics of an individual 7. structure containing four chromatids that forms during meiosis 8. sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait; factor that id passed from parent to offspring 9. member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell 10. term used to refer to an organism that contains genes from other organisms 11. process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell 13. physical characteristics of an organism 15. alleles that produce detectable phenotypic differences useful in genetic analysis 21. term used to refer to a cell that contains two sets of homologous chromosomes 22. process of manipulating organisms , cells, or molecules, to produce specific products 26. having two different alleles for a particular gene 27. genetic makeup of an organism 28. separation of alleles during gamete formation

Down 1. separation of alleles during gamete formation 2. breeding technique that involves crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best traits of both organisms 3. method of breeding that allows only those organisms with desired characteristics to produce the next generation 4. process in which homologous chromosomes exchange position of their chromatids during meiosis 6. scientific study of heredity 12. fertilized egg 14. small circular piece of DNA located in the cytoplasm of many bacteria 16. having two identical alleles for a particular gene 17. diagram that can be used to predict genotype and phenotype combinations of a genetic cross 18. term used to refer to chromosomes in which one set comes from the male parent and one set comes from the female parent 19. process of changing a gene to treat a medical disease or disorder. An absent or faulty gene is replaced by a normal working gene 20. one of a number of different forms of a gene 23. term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single cell of genes 24. offspring of crosses between parents with different traits 25. process in which the number of chromosomes is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diplo cell