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Across 4. One function of early mRNA/proteins during T4 biosynthesis is 5. A misfolded protein that can cause neurodegenerative diseases and replicates by conversion 8. Bacteriophage DNA from a lysogenic phage inserted into the bacterial host cell’s chromosome 10. (4 words, no punctuation) The error-prone enzyme whose mistakes during genome replication lead to missense mutations in influenza viral strains 11. The three functions of late mRNA/proteins make during T4 biosynthesis are phage structure, release, and ______. 13. The simplest possible form of a virus, consisting of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat 15. (2 words) When a bacterial cell gains new abilities after being infected by a temperate/lysogenic phage 16. An acellular infectious agent of plant cells, made of ssRNA 17. (2 words) The slow evolution of an influenza virus strain where missense mutations alter the spikes until the immune system no longer recognizes it 18. The individual protein subunit that makes up a capsid 20. an acellular obligate intracellular parasite made of (at least) nucleic acid and protein 28. (2 words) The enzyme that makes a DNA copy of the RNA genome of a retrovirus like HIV. 30. A viral family that includes several arthropod-vectored viruses that cause diseases such as zika, dengue and yellow fever, and also includes the virus that causes Hepatitis C 33. Animal virus DNA inserted in a host cell’s chromosome 36. A family of helical, enveloped viruses that include members which cause hemorrhagic fevers like Marburg and Ebola 37. a normal cell becoming cancerous 38. The two main ways an enveloped animal virus penetrates a host cell are by endocytosis or by _________(2 words) 40. The clinically ________ stage during HIV disease progression can last 6 months to over 10 years and is where the virus has been cleared from the blood and an individual is typically asymptomatic 41. An HIV protein that travels into the nucleus of a human host cell and inserts HIV DNA into a chromosome as a provirus 42. The viral genus for the rabies virus, which has a single-segment -ssRNA genome and a bullet shape 43. The main way an enveloped animal virus undergoes release from its

Down 1. (3 words) Also known as mad cow disease, this is a prion disease in cattle and is thought to have been mostly created by feeding cows sheep infected with prions 2. The extracellular state of a virus that is only capable of infecting a 3. A large viral family of enveloped dsDNA viruses, many of which are associated with latent infections, including chicken pox/shingles 6. A viral protein on the outside of a virion that is responsible for attachment to host cells and determines the host range of a virus 7. The viral family that includes the viruses that cause SARS, MERS, and COVID-19, as well as some that cause the common cold 9. During an antigenic event, _________(2 words) of the ssRNA segments occurs during maturation to create brand-new strains 12. Specialized transduction may occur through temperate bacteriophages that are in a ___________ cycle 14. A bacterial cell containing a prophage 19. a prion disease that affects sheep 21. A possible consequence of an antigenic shift event is creation of a new, highly virulent influenza strain that can cause a ________ in the human population across the world 22. A virus that infects bacteria 23. The protein shell on the outside of a virion 24. (2 words) Corynebacterium diphtheria only being able to cause the disease diphtheria after being infected by phage beta is the classical example of this. 25. the viral family that includes Influezavirus 26. The genus of virus responsible for cervical cancer, with a dsDNA 27. An influenza virus spike that aids in attachment, penetration, and 29. The viral genus that is the most common cause of the common cold 31. a prion disease in humans that was spread by the practice of mortuary cannibalism 32. An influenza spike protein that aids in virion assembly, release, and penetration through mucus 34. The three proteins present in an HIV virion are reverse transcriptase, 35. The genus of retrovirus that includes HIV 39. An individual infected with HIV is considered to have clinical ______ when they have less than 200 T-helper cells per microliter of blood and serious secondary infections like pneumonia and cancers are common, with general nervous system dysfunction also occurring