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Across 2. phase of mitosis in which the chromosome pairs have separated and reached opposite poles of the cell as the spindle begins to disintegrate, the nuclear membrane reappears, and the cytoplasm begins to divide 6. the smallest unit of life that carries out its own processes 10. Having two different sets of chromosomes in the same nucleus of each cell. Most metazoans and plants are diploid. 11. deoxyribonucleic acid is the double-helix molecule holding the genetic information of organisms that, along with protein, composes the chromatin 14. network of fibers throughout the cell's cytoplasm that helps the cell maintain its shape and gives support to the cell. 17. Adds phosphate in the remaining gaps of the phosphate - sugar backbone 18. Chromosome region that joins two sister chromatids. 19. multi-layered organelle near the nucleus used for packaging of materials to be transported out of the cell 20. A thin semi-permeable membrane that surrounds the cell's cytoplasm. 21. Coding regions of mRNA 22. Attaches RNA primers to the replicating strands. 23. the green material found in chloroplasts that is active in photosynthesis 28. the cell's highway transport system composed of tubes and membranes connected to the nuclear membrane and extending through the cytoplasm that is also utilized for storing and separating 31. membrane surrounding the nucleus that is covered with pores and controls nuclear traffic 32. one-half of a replicated chromosome. 33. genetically independent organelles that produce energy for the cells along their many internal folds, called cristae 34. Process by which a cell replicates its DNA and packages it into a new cell, resulting in two cells with a complete copy of the cell’s genome 35. membrane-bound organelles in the cytoplasm that are used for storage and digestion 36. membrane-bound organelles containing chlorophyll that is found in photosynthetic organisms 42. an extension on many unicellular organisms that enables movement through whip-like motions 44. Chemical used to start the Krebs cycle in plant cellular respiration 49. Viral transfer of DNA to new host. 50. All of the contents outside of the nucleus of a membrane bound cell. This includes organelles and the cytosol. 51. Division of the cytoplasm that produces distinct daughter cells. 52. spherical structure within the nucleus that contains RNA 53. cellular division that yields four gametes through two cellular divisions 54. extremely small grain-like organelle that provides the sites for protein synthesis 55. advanced cell type with a nuclear membrane surrounding genetic material and numerous membrane-bound organelles dispersed in a complex cellular structure 56. non-coding regions of mRNA

Down 1. Unwounds a portion of the DNA Double Helix 3. Region outside of metazoan cells which includes compounds attached to the plasma membrane, as well as dissolved substances attracted to the surface charge of the cells. 4. primitive cell type that lacks a nuclear membrane and membrane-bound organelles 5. a complex molecule found in numerous cellular structures that is composed of amino acids 7. time period between cellular divisions in which cellular processes such as protein synthesis are carried out 8. a carbohydrate that is found in cell walls 9. a protein utilized in chemical reactions 12. spherical organelle that is the cell's control center 13. cellular division that yields two identical cells from one cell through a five-step process 14. Principle governing the balance of quantities of the four nucleic bases present in the DNA of any cell. Chargaff’s rule states that the amounts of cytosine and guanine are equal, and the amounts of thymine and adenine are equal. 15. Virus which infects and destroys a bacterial host. Some phages, however, will incorporate their DNA into that of their host, and remain dormant for an extended period. 16. The synthesis of proteins according to information enclosed in DNA 24. the digestive plants of food for the cell, changes shape from task to task 25. cylindrical structures, found in animal cells, that are composed of groupings of microtubules arranged in a 9 + 3 pattern. They help to organize the assembly of microtubules during cell division. 26. Having a single set of chromosomes in the nucleus of each cell. 27. multi-layered, sturdy structure composed of cellulose that provides plants and other organisms with their rigidity 29. A substance that mimics a substrate that normally binds to an enzyme. Activity of the enzyme is reduced when the inhibitor binds with the enzyme in place of the true substrate. 30. Type of filament in eukaryotic cells composed of units of the protein tubulin. 32. Mass of genetic material composed of DNA and proteins that condense to form chromosomes in eukaryotic cell division. Chromatin is located in the cell's nucleus. 37. collective term for cells that engulf other cells or microorganisms 38. Remove wrong nucleotides from the daughter strand. 39. phase of mitosis in which the chromatin duplicates itself and thickens into chromosomes, the spindle fibers form, and the nuclear membrane disintegrates 40. phase of mitosis in which the chromosome pairs line up at the equator of the cell 41. Any of several pigmented cytoplasmic organelles found in plant cells and other organisms, having various physiological functions, such as the synthesis and storage of food. 43. Base triplet that recognizes the complementary codon on an mRNA molecule 45. Long, stringy aggregate of genes that carry heredity information and are formed from condensed chromatin. 46. phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes begin to pull to opposite poles of the cell 47. The semi-fluid component of a cell's cytoplasm. 48. Circular loop of DNA in prokaryotes. Eukaryotic DNA is organized into chromosomes. 54. ribonucleic acid, a molecule that is a necessary component of the protein synthesis process