1	exons		_____	physiological responses to changes in the environment that occur during an individuals lifetime. May be temporary or permanent. Subject to evolutionary factors such as natural selection and genetic drift
2	noncoding sequences		_____	the philosophy of “race improvement” through the forced sterilization of members of some groups and increased reproduction among others
3	introns		_____	the position on a chromosome where a given gene occurs
4	Regulatory genes		_____	any factor that acts to disrupt homeostasis
5	homeobox (hox) genes		_____	cell division in specialized cells in ovaries and testes. involves two divisions and results in four daughter cells, each containing only half the original number of chromosomes. These cells can develop into gametes
6	chromosome		_____	Heterozygotes
7	autosomes		_____	referring to species composed of populations that differ in the expression of one or more traits
8	sex chromosomes		_____	a disease transimited to humans through contact with nonhuman animals
9	mitosis		_____	large molecules found on the surface of cells.
10	meiosis		_____	in reference to polygenic inheritance, molecules that influence the color of skin hair and eyes
11	recombination (crossing over)		_____	lack of oxygen
12	polymerase chain reaction (PCR)		_____	describing a trait that isnt expressed in heterozygotes
13	Human Genome project		_____	An international effort aimed at sequencing and mapping the entire humane genome
14	genome		_____	the observable or detectable physical characteristic of an organism. (detectable expressions of genotypes)
15	hybrids		_____	in a population, the percentage of all the alleles at a locus accounted for by one specific allele
16	principle of segregation		_____	Segments of genes that are intially transcribed and then deleted. because they are not expressed they are not included in protein synthesis
17	recessive		_____	in mammals, the X and Y chromosomes
18	dominant		_____	agents that transmit disease from one carrier to another
19	locus		_____	describing a trait governed by an allele thats expressed in the presence of another allele
20	alleles		_____	a severe inherited hemoglobin disorder in which red blood cells collapse when deprived of oxygen. results from inheriting two copies of a mutant allele
21	homozygous		_____	populations that are clearly isolated geographically and/or socially from other breeding groups
22	heterozygous		_____	the expression of two alleles in heterozygotes
23	genotype		_____	genes that influence the activity of other genes
24	phenotype		_____	discrete structures composed of DNA and protein found only in the nuclie of cells.
25	principle of independent assortment		_____	all chromosmes except sex chromosomes
26	random assortment		_____	and evollutionary ancient family of reulatory genes that directs the development of the overall body plan and the segmentation of body tissues
27	Mendelian traits		_____	loci with more than one allele. Can be expressed in the phenotype as the result of gene action, or they can exist solely in the DNA level within non-coding regions
28	antigens		_____	genes (alleles) occur in pairs because chromosomes occur in pairs
29	codominance		_____	narrowing of blood vessels to reduce blood flow to the skin; warming
30	polygenic		_____	characteristics that are influence by alleles at only one genetic locus
31	pigment		_____	having the same allele at the same locus on both members of a pair of chromosomes
32	variation (genetic)		_____	alternate forms of a gene
33	allele frequency		_____	A method of producing thousands of copies of a DNA sample
34	population		_____	a gradual change in the frequency of genotypes and phenotypes from on geographical region to another
35	gene pool		_____	Segments of genes that are transcribed an are involved in protein sntheses
36	microevolution		_____	the chance distribution of chromosomes to daughter cells during meiosis. a source of genetic variation
37	macroevelution		_____	In adults, the continued production of lactase
38	gene flow		_____	changes prduced only after many generations, such as the appearance of a new species
39	genetic drift		_____	inherited differences among individuals; the basis of all evolutionary change
40	founder effect		_____	continuously present in a population
41	sickle-cell anemia		_____	The mathematical relationship expressing under conditions in which no evolution is occuring, the predicted distribution of alleles in populations
42	biological determinism		_____	the distribution of one pair of alleles into gametes does not influence the ditrisibution of another pair.
43	eugenics		_____	the genetic makeup of an individual.
44	polytypic		_____	expansion of blood vessels, permitting increased blood flow to the skin; Cooling
45	polymorphisms		_____	a condition of balance with a biological system by the interaction of physiological mechanisms that compensate for changes
46	cline		_____	all of the genes shared by the reproductive members of a pipulation
47	lactase persistance		_____	the concept that phenomena, including various aspects of behavior are governed by biological factors; the inaccurate association of various behavioral attributes with certain biological traits, such as skin color
48	population genetics		_____	refering to traits that are influenced by gene at two or more loci. Ex: stature, skin color, eye color
49	gene pool		_____	small changes occurring within species, such as changes in allele frequencies
50	breeding isolates		_____	the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis
51	Hardy- Weinberg Equilibrium		_____	having different alleles at the same locus on member of a pair of chromosomes
52	stress		_____	simple cell division; the process by which somatic cells divide to produce two identical daughter cells
53	homeostasis		_____	evolutionary changes or changes in allele frequencies that are produced by random factors in small populations, result of small population size.
54	acclimatization		_____	the total complement of genes shared by the reproductive members of a population
55	vasodilation		_____	the study of the frequency of alleles, genotypes, and phenotypes in populations from a microevolutionary perspective
56	vasoconstriction		_____	segments of DNA that dont direct the production of protiens.
57	hypoxia		_____	within a species, community of individuals where amtes are usually found.
58	vectors		_____	a type of genetic drift in which allele frequencies are altered in small populations that are taken from, or are remnants of larger populations
59	endemic		_____	the entire genetic makeup of an individual or species. In humans its estimated that each individual possesses approximately 3 billion DNA nucleotides
60	zoonotic		_____	exchange of genes between populations