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Across 4. (1) The quality of a verb that indicates whether its subject acts (active voice) or is acted upon (passive voice).(2) The distinctive style or manner of expression of an author or narrator. 5. Extending a metaphor so that objects, persons, and actions in a text are equated with meanings that lie outside the text. 7. (1) A short inscription in prose or verse on a tombstone or monument.(2) A statement or speech commemorating someone who has died: a funeral oration. 8. The specialized language of a professional, occupational, or other group. 9. Vivid descriptive language that appeals to one or more of the senses. 12. A verbal pattern in which the second half of an expression is balanced against the first but with the parts reversed. 17. The repetition of a word or phrase at the end of several clauses. (Opposite of anaphora) 18. A figure of speech in which a part is used to represent the whole or the whole for a part. 19. A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated (such as "crown" for "royalty"). 21. The emotional implications and associations that a word may carry. 23. The omission of conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses (opposite of polysyndeton). 24. A literary/artistic work that imitates the characteristics of another for comic effect or ridicule. 25. The formation or use of words that imitate the sounds associated with what they refer to. 28. Characteristic of writing that seeks the effect of informal spoken language as distinct from formal or literary English. 29. A figure of speech consisting of an understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by negating its opposite. (He is not unpopular.) 30. An instance of using a word, phrase, or clause more than once in a short passage. 31. The noun or noun phrase referred to by a pronoun. 32. A text or performance that uses irony, derision, or wit to expose or attack human vice, foolishness, or stupidity. 34. A writer's attitude toward the subject and audience. Tone is primarily conveyed through diction, point of view, syntax, and level of formality. 35. The use of a word to modify or govern two or more words."He carried a strobe light and the responsibility for the lives of his men." (Tim O'Brien, The Things They Carried. McClelland & Stewart, 1990) 36. A figure of speech in which an inanimate object is endowed with human qualities or abilities. 38. Narrowly interpreted as those figures that ornament speech or writing; broadly, as representing a manifestation of the person speaking or writing. 39. The repetition of the same word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses or verses. 40. The connection between two parts of a piece of writing, contributing to coherence. 41. A person, place, action, or thing that (by association, resemblance, or convention) represents something other than itself.

Down 1. Intended or inclined to teach or instruct, often excessively. 2. A figure of speech in which an implied comparison is made between two unlike things that actually have something important in common. 3. A formal expression of praise for someone who has recently died. 5. The presence of two or more possible meanings in any passage. 6. A figure of speech in which incongruous or contradictory terms appear side by side. 10. The arrangement of words in a sentence. 11. The substitution of an inoffensive term for one considered offensively explicit. 13. A persuasive appeal based on the projected character of the speaker or narrator. 14. A figure of speech in which exaggeration is used for emphasis or effect 15. A rhetorical term for breaking off discourse to address some absent person or thing. 16. The dictionary meaning of a word, in contrast to its figurative or associated meanings. 20. A figure of speech in which a writer deliberately makes a situation seem less important or serious than it is. 22. The emotion evoked by a text. 24. The similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses. 26. The repetition of an initial consonant sound. 27. A brief, usually indirect reference to a person, place, or event--real or fictional. 31. The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas 32. A figure of speech in which two fundamentally unlike things are explicitly compared, usually in a phrase introduced by "like" or "as." 33. The choice and use of words in speech or writing. 37. The means of persuasion that appeals to the audience's emotions.