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intro to chem for honors bio

n brown

vocab words listed in unit 2 learning goals & achievement standards

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Across
2.___ core shells: lower energy level shells where nonreactive electrons are found
5.__covalent bond: electrons shared equally & NO partial charge developing
6.electron ___: the location of electrons in an atom
8.+1 charged subatomic particles found in an atom's nucleus; each w/ a mass of 1.0 atomic mass units (amu)
12.__ ions: H+ ions generated by either ionization of water or of acids; these lower pH
14.if an ion has more protons than electrons, this is +; if valence electrons are gained, this is -
15.___properties: characteristics of matter that can be measured ONLY by changing it into another substance via a chemical reaction (like what elements will react with it)
17.___ electrons: an atom's highest energy level electrons; its reactive electrons
20.___properties: characteristics of matter that can be measured without changing it into another substance--like volume, color, mass, texture, temperature
21.-1 charged subatomic particles found in atom's electron cloud; each has mass 1/2000 amu
24.___ bond: formed when two nonmetal atoms share valence electrons
25.__ions: OH- ions generated by either ionization of water or of bases; these raise pH
27.atoms that carry a + or - charge after having either gained or lost valence electrons
28.at a low level (1 out of every 10 million moles) water dissociates into H+ and OH- ions, making pure water neutral with pH 7 (equal concentration H+ and OH- ions)
32.substances that lower the pH of water because they raise the concentration of H+ ions in the aqueous solution relative to the concentration of OH- ions
34.water loving substances that can dissolve in water or engage in adhesion with it because they are ionic or polar
35.__bond: attraction of a partial + H in one polar molecule to a partial - O or N in a neighboring polar molecule
36.substances that raise the pH of water because they raise the concentration of OH- ions in the aqueous solution relative to the concentration of H+ ion
39.___ covalent bond : a bond with its lower electronegativity atom carrying partial + charge & higher electronegativity atom carrying partial - charge due to unequal electron sharing
40.___: a description of the number of each type of atom in a compound or molecule
41.anything that has mass and occupies space/volume
Down
1.simplest stable, long-lasting PARTICLES of matter--single units of each element; each has both a nucleus & electron cloud
2.forms of element having same atomic number & proton #, but having different atomic mass & neutron #
3.___ mass: the combined mass in amu of an atom's neutrons & protons
4.substance at lower amount in a solution
7.___ number: increases by 1 moving left in a period (row) by one groups/family (column); the number of protons in atoms of an element
9.center of an atom, containing neutrons & protons & having a net + charge
10.chemically bonded groups of atoms
11.Unequal sharing of electrons by two atoms very differnt electronegativity results in one end (pole) of a molecule having a partial + charge, the other a partial -
13.uncharged (+/- 0) subatomic particles found in atoms nucleus; each has mass 1.0 amu
16.heat ___: how much heat loss or gain required to change a substances temperature--high for water because heat is used to make or break H bonds before changing molecule speed
18.- charged ions whose atoms have gained valence electrons
19.+ charged ions whose atoms have lost valence electrons
22.chemically bonded groups of atoms, with more than one element in the group
23.water hating substances that can not dissolve in water & cannot adhere to water because they are not charged or are nonpolar covalent
26.___ bond: formed when a less electonegative substance (usually a metal) donated all of its valence electrons to a more electronegative substance (a nonmetal)
29.attraction of water molecules to other hydrophilic substances
30.attraction of water molecules to each other
31.the simplest stable, long-lasting CLASSES of matter, each made of one type of atom; 92 naturally occurring & shown on periodic table
33.electron ____: regions of the electron cloud where are likely to be located if their energy matches; also called electron orbits or levels
37.substance at higher amount in a solution
38.__ tension: adhesive force holding surface water molecules together via many H bonds
39.a measure of relative acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution; under 7 if acidic; 7 if neutral; over 7 if basic; a log scale (lower by 1, raise acidity by 10; raise by 1, raise basicity by 10)

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