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Across 2. ___ core shells: lower energy level shells where nonreactive electrons are found 5. __covalent bond: electrons shared equally & NO partial charge developing 6. electron ___: the location of electrons in an atom 8. +1 charged subatomic particles found in an atom's nucleus; each w/ a mass of 1.0 atomic mass units (amu) 12. __ ions: H+ ions generated by either ionization of water or of acids; these lower pH 14. if an ion has more protons than electrons, this is +; if valence electrons are gained, this is - 15. ___properties: characteristics of matter that can be measured ONLY by changing it into another substance via a chemical reaction (like what elements will react with it) 17. ___ electrons: an atom's highest energy level electrons; its reactive electrons 20. ___properties: characteristics of matter that can be measured without changing it into another substance--like volume, color, mass, texture, temperature 21. -1 charged subatomic particles found in atom's electron cloud; each has mass 1/2000 amu 24. ___ bond: formed when two nonmetal atoms share valence electrons 25. __ions: OH- ions generated by either ionization of water or of bases; these raise pH 27. atoms that carry a + or - charge after having either gained or lost valence electrons 28. at a low level (1 out of every 10 million moles) water dissociates into H+ and OH- ions, making pure water neutral with pH 7 (equal concentration H+ and OH- ions) 32. substances that lower the pH of water because they raise the concentration of H+ ions in the aqueous solution relative to the concentration of OH- ions 34. water loving substances that can dissolve in water or engage in adhesion with it because they are ionic or polar 35. __bond: attraction of a partial + H in one polar molecule to a partial - O or N in a neighboring polar molecule 36. substances that raise the pH of water because they raise the concentration of OH- ions in the aqueous solution relative to the concentration of H+ ion 39. ___ covalent bond : a bond with its lower electronegativity atom carrying partial + charge & higher electronegativity atom carrying partial - charge due to unequal electron sharing 40. ___: a description of the number of each type of atom in a compound or molecule 41. anything that has mass and occupies space/volume

Down 1. simplest stable, long-lasting PARTICLES of matter--single units of each element; each has both a nucleus & electron cloud 2. forms of element having same atomic number & proton #, but having different atomic mass & neutron # 3. ___ mass: the combined mass in amu of an atom's neutrons & protons 4. substance at lower amount in a solution 7. ___ number: increases by 1 moving left in a period (row) by one groups/family (column); the number of protons in atoms of an element 9. center of an atom, containing neutrons & protons & having a net + charge 10. chemically bonded groups of atoms 11. Unequal sharing of electrons by two atoms very differnt electronegativity results in one end (pole) of a molecule having a partial + charge, the other a partial - 13. uncharged (+/- 0) subatomic particles found in atoms nucleus; each has mass 1.0 amu 16. heat ___: how much heat loss or gain required to change a substances temperature--high for water because heat is used to make or break H bonds before changing molecule speed 18. - charged ions whose atoms have gained valence electrons 19. + charged ions whose atoms have lost valence electrons 22. chemically bonded groups of atoms, with more than one element in the group 23. water hating substances that can not dissolve in water & cannot adhere to water because they are not charged or are nonpolar covalent 26. ___ bond: formed when a less electonegative substance (usually a metal) donated all of its valence electrons to a more electronegative substance (a nonmetal) 29. attraction of water molecules to other hydrophilic substances 30. attraction of water molecules to each other 31. the simplest stable, long-lasting CLASSES of matter, each made of one type of atom; 92 naturally occurring & shown on periodic table 33. electron ____: regions of the electron cloud where are likely to be located if their energy matches; also called electron orbits or levels 37. substance at higher amount in a solution 38. __ tension: adhesive force holding surface water molecules together via many H bonds 39. a measure of relative acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution; under 7 if acidic; 7 if neutral; over 7 if basic; a log scale (lower by 1, raise acidity by 10; raise by 1, raise basicity by 10)