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Across 5. the process of the formation of two identical cells that are exactly the same as the original cell and have the normal amount of chromosomes 8. melasma gravidarum; mask of pregnancy 11. the length of time from conception to birth 13. the alteration in embryonic development caused by genetic transmission, chromosomal anomalies, environmental factors, and unknown causes 15. the developing human individual from the time of implantation to the end of the eighth week after conception 16. the area between the chorionic plate and the basal plate of the placenta 17. an individual's gene composition 18. specialized connective tissue that surrounds the two arteries and one vein in the umbilical cord 19. germ layer that gives rise to the connective tissue 20. a process of cell division that leads to the development of sperm and ova, each containing a haploid of normal cells 22. threadlike packages of genes and other DNA 27. an agent or factor that causes malformation of an embryo. 29. nonsex chromosomes that are common to both males and females 31. heartburn 33. whitish vaginal discharge 34. the observance of certain rituals and taboos by the male to signify his transition to fatherhood 37. a creamy whitish-yellow liquid that may leak from the nipples as early as 16 weeks gestation 38. a solid ball of cells resulting from division of a fertilized ovum, and from which a blastula is formed. 39. a greasy (cheese-like) deposit covering the skin of a baby at birth 40. inner germ layer that gives rise to the epithelium of the respiratory, digestive, and genitourinary tract

Down 1. a vascular channel between the pulmonary artery and descending aorta 2. fraternal twins 3. maternal awareness of fetal movement 4. excessive salivation 6. a vascular channel that connects the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava 7. a photomicrograph of the chromosomes of a single cell 9. a parasitic infection transmitted chiefly through undercooked meat, or in soil or cat feces. 10. outside the uterus 12. hormone most responsible for maintaining pregnancy 14. an opening in the septum between the right and left atria 19. identical twins 21. the embryonic structure that ultimately forms the brain and spinal cord 23. matched chromosomes 24. a spontaneous, permanent change in the normal gene structure 25. outer germ layer that gives rise to skin, teeth, and glands of the mouth and nervous system 26. used by the newborn for heat production 28. implantation of the fertilized ovum into the endometrium 30. a group of agents that can infect the fetus or newborn 32. mucus plug 33. fine, downy hair 34. the outermost membrane surrounding an embryo 35. element necessary for the formation of hemoglobin 36. mature germ cell