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Across 2. A group of proteins involved in membrane fusion, which is necessary for the transport of vesicles within the cell. 5. A cycle that is a series of metabolic reactions that generate energy in the form of ATP by breaking down acetyl-CoA. 9. A type of lipid that is an important component of cell membranes and serves as a precursor for steroid hormones. 11. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate, a molecule that acts as a second messenger in intracellular signaling, often triggered by hormones or neurotransmitters. 15. The fluid portion of the cytoplasm that surrounds organelles in the cell. 20. The main energy currency of the cell. 23. A type of receptor that is directly activated by binding of a neurotransmitter and allows the passage of ions across the cell membrane. 24. A type of cell that lacks a membrane-bound nucleus and other complex membrane-bound organelles. 25. Protein that makes up microfilaments and is involved in various cellular processes such as muscle contraction, cell division, and cell movement. 27. Signaling molecules that provide positional information to cells and are involved in determining cell fate and tissue organization during development. 29. Receptor tyrosine kinase; a type of cell surface receptor that activates intracellular signaling pathways in response to binding of ligands. 31. A type of cell that contains a membrane-bound nucleus and other complex membrane-bound organelles. 33. The process by which the membrane potential becomes more negative, typically caused by the efflux of positively charged ions or the influx of negatively charged ions. 34. A type of cell surface receptor that activates intracellular signaling pathways through interaction with G proteins. 37. A hormone that is released by the adrenal gland in response to stress and serves to increase heart rate and blood pressure. 39. A type of white blood cell that is involved in the adaptive immune response, specifically in the production of antibodies that recognize and neutralize foreign pathogens. 41. A large protein complex that degrades proteins in the cell, involved in regulating protein turnover and the removal of damaged or misfolded proteins. 44. A type of membrane lipid composed of a glycerol backbone, two fatty acid chains, and a phosphate group. 45. A tumor suppressor protein that regulates the cell cycle and prevents the development of cancerous cells. 46. A neurotransmitter that functions as an inhibitory signal in the nervous system. 47. Type of microscopy technique that uses a laser to create an evanescent wave that excites fluorophores only in the very thin region of the sample in contact with the microscope slide or coverslip. 49. A type of cell death characterized by the uncontrolled breakdown of cellular components and inflammation. 50. A chemical messenger that is released by neurons and serves to transmit signals across synapses. 51. Process in which actin filaments continuously grow and shrink by addition and loss of subunits, respectively, at their ends, allowing for cellular movement and shape changes. 52. A signaling pathway that plays a key role in embryonic development and tissue homeostasis. 55. A molecule that has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions. 56. Protein that inhibits actin polymerization by sequestering actin monomers, which is involved in various cellular processes such as cell motility and muscle contraction. 58. A specialized group of cells in vertebrate embryos that establishes the anterior-posterior axis of developing limbs. 59. A motor protein that moves along microtubules and is involved in many intracellular processes, such as organelle transport and mitotic spindle formation.

Down 1. The Hedgehog signaling pathway, which plays a role in development and is involved in regulating gene expression. 3. A transcription factor that plays a key role in maintaining the pluripotency of embryonic stem cells. 4. A pluripotent cell that has the ability to differentiate into any cell type in the body. 5. Family of motor proteins that move along microtubules and are involved in various cellular processes such as intracellular transport and cell division. 6. The process by which the membrane potential becomes less negative, typically caused by the influx of positively charged ions. 7. Protein that promotes actin polymerization by binding and delivering actin monomers to the growing ends of actin filaments, which is involved in various cellular processes such as cell motility and cytokinesis. 8. Family of transmembrane proteins that mediate cell-matrix adhesion by binding to extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. 10. An organelle that contains enzymes for the breakdown of cellular waste and foreign material. 12. Programmed cell death that occurs in response to various internal or external signals. 13. A molecule that is a product of glycolysis and is the precursor for the Krebs cycle. 14. A neurotransmitter that functions as an excitatory signal in the nervous system. 16. Signaling molecules that are produced by endocrine glands and travel through the bloodstream to target tissues. 17. Organelles that generate ATP through cellular respiration and play a role in cellular metabolism. 18. The process by which a cell membrane returns to its resting potential after depolarization. 19. Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching, a technique used to study the dynamics of proteins in living cells. 21. A phospholipid that is exposed on the outer surface of the plasma membrane during apoptosis. 22. The maintenance of a stable internal environment despite changes in the external environment. 26. A formula that describes the equilibrium potential for a particular ion across a cell membrane. 28. Type of fluorescence microscopy that uses an epifluorescence illuminator to excite fluorophores and capture the emitted light using a camera. 30. A type of white blood cell that plays a key role in the immune system by recognizing and attacking foreign pathogens and infected cells. 32. Family of transmembrane proteins that mediate cell-cell adhesion by binding to other cadherins on adjacent cells. 35. A type of receptor that is indirectly activated by binding of a neurotransmitter and activates intracellular signaling pathways. 36. An organism that lives within another organism, often used to describe the origin of eukaryotic cells, which are thought to have arisen through the symbiotic relationship between two prokaryotic cells. 38. The process of adding a phosphate group to a molecule such as a protein or lipid, often used to regulate cellular signaling pathways. 40. Family of enzymes that play a role in programmed cell death (apoptosis) by cleaving proteins and triggering cell death. 42. Transforming growth factor beta, a signaling pathway that plays a key role in embryonic development and tissue homeostasis. 43. A signaling pathway that is activated by cytokines and plays a key role in immune cell development and function. 48. Family of proteins that regulate apoptosis by inhibiting caspases. 53. A fatty substance that wraps around axons and serves to increase the speed of electrical signal transmission in neurons. 54. A type of glial cell that produces myelin in the peripheral nervous system. 57. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme that is involved in many metabolic pathways, particularly the electron transport chain.