"JIT" | | Giving special consideration when rating others to those qualities that the evaluator perceives in themselves. |
Locus of Control | | Assumes people are hardworking, committed, and responsible |
Machiavellianism | | The tendency for evaluators to recall and give greater importance to employees job behaviours that that have occurred near the end of the performance measuring period. |
Central Tendency | | The continuous process of measuring products and practices against the toughest competition and those companies recognized as world-class leaders. |
Benchmarking | | An impartial third party who hears grievances and makes rulings on them |
Theory X | | A tendency to rate an individual high or low on all factors due to the impression of a high or low rating on some specific factor. |
Theory Y | | Reduces Maslow's theory to three-existence, relatedness and growth needs - and adds a frustration - regression hypothesis, the idea that people frustrated in their attempt to fulfill an unfulfilled need will regress to a lower need's fulfillment. |
Extrinsic Feedback | | Getting a task done right; attaining goal |
Intrinsic Feedback | | Budget that develops out of the previous budget |
Delphi Technique | | Reduction in the workforce and reshaping of operations to create greater effeciency at reduced costs, caused by growth of individuals & new employees, restructuring (various multitasking roles), managing technology (upgrades, link all employees). |
Matrix | | A performance appraisal technique in which an evaluator lists key behaviour that separate effective from ineffective job performance. |
Matrix Assessment | | Calculating the expected value of a particular alternative by weighing its possible outcomes by the probability of achieving the alternative, then summing up the totals achieved by the weighing process. |
Critical Incident | | Group members with hold different views in order to appear in agreement |
Similarity Error | | A system in which inventory items arrive when they are needed in the production process instead of being stored in stock. |
Recency Error | | The means by which informal communication takes place |
Douglas Macgregor | | Budget that makes no reference to previous appropriations; all items must be justified |
Abraham Maslow | | Developed the Motivation-Hygiene Theory and proposed the existence of a dual continuum: the opposite of ``Satisfaction'' is ``No Satisfaction'' and the opposite of ``Dissatisfaction'' is ``No Dissatisfaction''. Eliminating factors that create job dissatisfaction may bring peace but not necessarily motivation. |
Validity | | A philosophy of management that is driven by the attainment of customer satisfaction through the continuous improvement of all organizational processes. |
Expected Value Analysis | | Degree to which people are manipulative and believe ends can justify needs |
Incremental Budget | | Intrinsic factors are related to job satisfaction, while extrinsic factors are associated with dissatisfaction |
Downsizing | | Employees are ranked from highest to lowest. |
Individual Ranking | | Bar graph with time on horizontal axis and activities on vertical axis showing planned and actual activities. |
Due Process | | Bar charts used to show the frequency with which something occurs |
Effectiveness | | The ability of a selection device to measure the same things consistently |
Reliability | | Sets up a comparison between alternatives based on weighted criteria |
Pert Chart | | A reluctance by an evaluator to use the extremes of the appraising scale |
Gantt Chart | | A technique for scheduling complex projects - depicts activities and the time/cost associated with each in a sequential manner. |
Span of Control | | Defined as what the customer says the term means |
Histogram | | Assuming an employee is innocent until is proven otherwise giving the employee the right to be heard; and invoking disciplinary action that is reasonable in relation to the offence involved. |
Ethics | | Budget requests are prepared by those who implement them, and sent to higher level of management for approval. |
Quality | | Specific characteristics held by individuals that allow them to effectively lead others |
Grapevine | | Proposed the Theory X-Theory Y based on human nature and motivation.Believed that a supervisor's view of the nature of human beings is based in a certain grouping of assumptions. |
Critical Path | | Longest or most time consuming sequence of events and activities in a PERT Chart |
Strategic Planning | | Planning how specific goals will be achieved |
Code of Ethics | | The number of subordinates a supervisor can direct efficiently and effectively |
Tactical Planning | | Involves defining the difference between what is actually happening and what you would like to have happening. |
Motivation Hygeine Theory | | A leadership theory: proposes that effectiveness depends upon a proper match between a leader's style of interacting with subordinates and the degree to which the situation gives control and influence to the leader. |
Reinforcement Theory | | Rules or principles that define right and wrong conduct |
Groupthink | | The degree to which people believe they are masters of their own fate |
Frederick Hersburg | | Budgets that initiated, controlled, and directed by top management |
Trait | | The proven relationship that exists between a selection device and some relevant criterion |
Halo Error | | Feedback provided by an outside source |
Fiedler's Contingency Theory | | Self generated feedback on performance provided by the work itself |
Gap Analysis | | A structural design that assigns specialists from functional departments to work on one or more projects that are led by a project manager. |
ERG Theory | | A formal document that states an organization's primary values and the ethical rules it expects employees to follow. |
Top Down Budget | | Developed Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs theory |
Bottom Up Budget | | Establishes overall goals and positions the organizations products or services against the competition; affects entire organization. |
Arbitration | | Assumes people are lazy, irresponsible and lack ambition |
Total Quality Management | | A theory people will exert higher levels of effort in tasks that are reinforced |
Zero Base Budget | | A group decision technique where members act independently but need not be physically present for discussion. |