Causes of miscarriages		Having multiple miscarriage
Subfertility		due to damage of cell DNA. Women greater than 35 years more likely to have a disorders related to chromosomal defects than younger women
Examples of subfertility		Gondotropin-releasing hormones, Follicle stimulating hormones, LH Lutenizing hormone, estrogen,progesterone
Quality of eggs decrease with age. Why?		Rate of infertility lower who use this
Chromosomes ova may be damaged by ?		may decrease estrogen & testosterone levels or disrupt menstrual cycles
Sperm production begins during puberty decreases somewhat after age 35 with?		levels increases with body fat and reduced with low body fat, infertility lower with BMI less than 20 or more than 30
What are the hormonal effects during the menstrual cycle		Defect in fetus, Maternal infection, structural abnormalities of uterus,endocrine or immunological disturbances
Explain Gonadotropin		weight loss less than > less than 10-15% of usual weigh decrease estrogen ,LH,FSH. Treatment with fertility drug climid not effective in underweight women
FSH- Follicle stimulating hormone		Primary effect birth of small frail infants with high likelihood of death in first year of life
LH - Luteinizing hormone		Production continuing to old age
Estrogen		Follicular Phase,luteal phase
Progesterone		Prepare uterus for fertilized ovum, increased vascularity of endometrium, stimulates cell division cell division of fertilized ova
Two phases of menstrual cycle		Studies from world war II showed 50% decrease in male fertility during starvation
Explain Follicular phase		Last half of menstrual cycle. After ovulation
Explain Luteal Phase		Reduce level of fertility characterized by unusually long time for conception
Explain male reproductive system		Releasing hormone,stimulate pituitary to relate FSHand LH
Sources of disruption in fertility		Plays role in reduction of oxidative stress, in sperm maturation
Nutrition related disruption fertility		adverse nutritional exposure, contraceptive use
Chronic Undernutrition		Undernutrition in women previously well- nourished
Acute undernutrition		ongoing rather than cyclic
Body Fat and Fertility		oxidation, radioactive particle exposure,and aging
Estrogen & leptin		Vitamin E,C,Beta carotene,selenium, found in veggies and fruits
Weight loss and fertility in males		linked to preterm delivery & low iron status of infants
Weight loss and fertility in females		first half of menstrual cycle, growth and maturation
Antioxidants		Intake by women of multivitamins with folate associated with decline in ovulatory infertility
Zinc status and fertility in men		stimulates maturation of ovum & sperm
Folate status and fertility in women		stimulates secreting of estrogen,progesterone and testosterone
Folate status and fertility in men		Decrease fertility seen with low or high body fat due to allegation in hormones
Iron status and fertility		stimulates follicle growth& maturation of follicle, stimulates vascularity &storage of glycogen & other nutrients within uterus
Pre- Pregnancy iron deficiency		intake by men of multivitamins with folate associated with improved sperm count motility decreased form of sperm
Alcohol		undernutrition, weightless, obseity