| liter | | the etiology of hypo-________ is water excess, sodium deficiency, both water excess and sodium deficiency; also caused by hyperglycemia, mannitol use as well as AIDS, hypothyroidism |
| deficit | | the general response to hyponatremia is the ____________ of thirst and ADH secretion which decreases water ingestion and increases urinary output |
| phosphate | | the _____ deficit can be calulated by (0.6 x wt (in kg) x (1 - 140/Na serum) |
| severe | | __________ pf hyponatremia are primarily neurological; levels < 125 meq/l begin onset of sxs; levels < 110 meq/l see seizures and coma |
| sodium | | the value of this cation is 4.0-5.5 meq/l; require 800-1200 mg/day |
| magnesium | | a trick for hourly ____________ is 40 weight (kg); provide normal daily requirements |
| sodiumchloride | | ____ normal saline has 77 g of Na in 1 L |
| half | | the requirements for _____ are typically 35 ml/kg/day |
| hypernatremia | | ______ excess occurrs less frequently than water loss; common causes of it are hypertonic sodium gain, ingestions |
| rehydration | | this is the primary objective in treating hypernatremia; is done by giving slow infusions of glucose solutions |
| water | | the value of this cation is 1.5-2.5 meq/l; require 300-400 mg/day |
| formula | | this type of fluid is used to replace abnormal losses with a fluid and electrolytes similar to that which was lost |
| fluid | | serum __________ is calculated by (2 x Na) (BUN/2) (glucse/18) |
| successful | | the Na ______ is calculated by (14 - Na serum) x 0.6 x Kg |
| hyponatremia | | this is treated with oral fluid replacement, IV therapy, and/or drug therapy |
| replacement | | this type of edema is a sign of fluid overload; have fingerprint that remains in skin for a while |
| pitted | | ______ hyponatremia is treated with NaCl, 3% saline, furosemide diresis, serial electrolytes, seizures, replace K |
| central | | the value of this cation is 3.5-4.5 meq/l; require 0.5-1 meq/kg/day |
| maintenance | | this type of fluid has normal osmolality |
| hyperosmotic | | the value of this anion is 2.5-4.5 meq/l; require 800-1200 mg/d |
| thiazide | | in fluid ______, positive balance, isotonic is when ony ECF is expanded, hypertonic is rare and fluid shifts from ICF to ECF, and hypotonic is life-threatening and fluid moves in ICF and all compartments expand |
| dehydration | | these onse don't cross cell membranes as quickly as water does, cells pump these ions out of the cell by using pumps, increases in extracellular ion levels don't change the intracellular ion concentration |
| symptoms | | the value of this cation is 135-145 meq/l; require 1-2 meq/kg/day |
| insipidus | | this IV crystalloid has 50 G of glucose in 1 L |
| dilutional | | _______ pontine myelinosis results from overcorrection of Na; correction of > 25 meq/24048 hrs; acute correction: limit 25 meq/day; chronic correction: 10 meq/day |
| intake | | this type of diuretic can be used in hypernatremia can be used to induce sodium and water diuresis |
| potassium | | this is defined as serum sodium less than 135; very common in hospitalized pts; rarely leads to complications; ECF is more dilute than ICF; results in a shift of water into cells |
| brain | | this is done in septic shock/hemorrhagic blood loss; give crystalloid fluids at a ratio of 3:1; once 3-4 L of fluid has been give, consider giving blood |
| deficits | | this involves urine, stool, vomiting, wound drainage, tube drainages; insensible losses 200-500 ml/day (sweat); = daily intake |
| output | | this IV crystalloid has 130 g of Na in 1 L |
| turgor | | this type of fluid has higer than normal osmolality |
| suppression | | the value of this anion is 95-105 meq/l |
| calcium | | _____ loss can be due to diabetes insipidus, drugs, high proteins, insensible loss, GI loss, burns, excessive sweating |
| natremia | | indicators of __________ resuscitation are pulse 100-120 bpm and urinary output |
| sodium | | this involves IV, oral (including food and water), and if pt on IV meds; = daily output |
| lactatedringer | | diabetes _________ is treated with sodium restriction /- HCTZ |
| sodium | | 1 _____ of water = 1 kg |
| chloride | | see poor skin ______ when dehydrated; pt's skin stays in tent position after pinched |
| water | | the Parkland _______ is used to calculate how much fluid a burn patient needs; 4 cc x weight (in kg) x % TBSA burnt |
| normalsaline | | this IV crystalloid has 513 g of Na in 1 L |
| excess | | in fluid ________ (negative balance), isotonic is when fluid and lytes are lost equally, hypertonic is when fluid loss exceeds that of lytes, and hypotonic is when lytes lost exceed loss of water |
| hypoosmotic | | the __________ effect is caused by isotonic fluid loss, antidiuretic hormone secretion, acute or chronic renal failure, potassium ion loss, diuretic therapy |
| carbondioxide | | the value of this anion is 24-30 meq/l |
| resuscitation | | this refers to an elevated serum sodium level; resluts from diffusion and osmosis; there's a decrease in ICF and an increase in ECF; caused by water loss or sodium ion overload |
| osmolality | | these type of cells lose osmoles creating a higher extracellular solute concentration to portect against cerebral edema |
| D5W | | this type of fluid has lower than normal osmolality |
| isoosmatic | | this IV crystalloid has 154 g of Na in 1 L |
