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Across 6. largely automatic body reactions – such as the knee jerk – that are controlled primarily by spinal cord pathways 9. the tiny swellings at the end of the axon that contain chemicals important to neural transmission 11. a method for measuring how radioactive substances are absorbed in the brain; it can be used to detect how specific tasks activate different areas of the living brain 12. a method for measuring how radioactive substances are absorbed in the brain, it can be used to detect how specific tasks activate different areas of the living brain 13. cells that carry environmental messages toward the spinal cord and brain 17. an early school of psychology; structuralists tried to understand the mind by breaking it down into basic parts, much as a chemist might try to understand a chemical compound 19. a descriptive research technique that records naturally occurring behavior as opposed to behavior produce in the laboratory 20. a person’s observable characteristics, such as red hair. The phenotype is controlled mainly by the genotype, but it can also be influenced by the environment 22. the contents and processes of subjective experience: sensations, thoughts, and emotions 23. medical doctors who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems 25. the period of time following an action potential when more action potentials cannot be generated 27. an early technique used to study the mind; systematic introspection required people to look inward and describe their own experiences 30. a kind of master gland in the body that controls the release of hormones in response to signals from the hypothalamus 34. a relay station in the forebrain thought to be an important gathering point for input from the senses 36. bundles of axons that make up neural “transmission cables” 38. the cell body of a neuron 39. an indication of how much individual scores differ or vary from the mean 40. observable actions such as moving about, talking, gesturing, and so on; can also refer to the activities of cells and to thoughts and feelings 41. one of four anatomical regions of each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex, located roughly on the sides of the brain; it’s involved in certain aspects of speech and language perception 42. the tiny electrical charge in place between the inside and the outside of the resting neuron 43. when behavior changes as a result of the observation process 44. a term used by Freud to describe his theory of mind and system of therapy 45. the scientific study of behavior and mind

Down 1. the brain and the spinal cord 2. the network of nerves that links the central nervous system with the rest of the body 3. the collection of nerves that transmits information toward the brain and connects to the skeletal muscles to initiate movement; part of the peripheral nervous system 4. : identical twins, who share genetic material, are compared to fraternal twins in an effort to determine the roles heredity and environment play in psychological traits 5. the cells in the nervous system that receive and transmit information 7. a neurotransmitter that has been linked to sleep, dreaming, and general arousal and may also be involved in some psychological disorders such as depression and schizophrenia 8. a technique ensuring that each participant in an experiment has an equal chance of being assigned to any of the conditions in the experimen 10. the difference between the largest and smallest scores in a distribution 14. a multistep technique that generates empirical knowledge – that is, knowledge derived from systematic observations of the world 15. a procedure guaranteeing that everyone in the population has an equal likelihood of being selected for the sample 16. definitions that specify how concepts can be observed and measured 18. psychologists who try to discover the basic principles of behavior and mind 21. inactive or inert, substance that resembles an experimental substance 24. one of for anatomical regions of each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex, located at the back of the brain; visual processing is controlled here 26. chemical messengers that relay information from one neuron to the next 28. an interdisciplinary field of study directed at understanding the brain and its relation to behavior 29. one of four anatomical regions of each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex, located roughly on the top middle portion of the brain; it contains the somatosensory cortex, which controls the sense of touch 31. experimental participants do not know to which condition they have been assigned (e.g. experimental versus control); it’s used to control for subject expectancies 32. a descriptive research technique designed to gather limited amounts of information from many people, usually by administering some kind of questionnaire 33. the small gap between the terminal buttons of a neuron and the dendrite or cell body of another neuron 35. an insulating material that protects the axon and helps to speed up neural transmission 37. a measure of how much the scores in a distribution of scores differ from one another