Alternative dispute resolution (ADR)		Process of investigating a decision thoroughly before finalizing it to identify all potential factors that could affect the positive and negative impacts of the decision.
Artificial intelligence (AI)		Line of authority within an organization.
Chain of command		Ability of a computer to imitate human thought and behavior.
Cloud computing		Umbrella term for the various approaches and techniques, other than litigation, that can be used to resolve a dispute.
Co-employment		Information technology framework and tools for gathering, storing, maintaining, retrieving, revising, and reporting HR data.
Collective bargaining		Organizational structure in which geographic regions define the organizational chart.
Constructive discipline		Situation in which an organization shares responsibility and liability for their alternative workers with an alternative staffing supplier; also known as joint employment.
Dedicated HR		Organizational structure in which departments are defined by the services they contribute to the organization's overall mission, such as marketing and sales, operations, and HR.
Due diligence		Principle of employment in the U.S. that employers have the right to hire, fire, demote, and promote whomever they choose for any reason unless there is a law or contract to the contrary and that employees have the right to quit a job at any time.
Employment at-will (EAW)		Style of computing in which scalable IT-enabled capabilities are delivered as a service using Internet technologies.
Enterprise resource planning (ERP)		Process by which management and union representatives negotiate the employment conditions for a particular bargaining unit for a designated period of time.
Functional HR		Systematic and comprehensive evaluation of an organization's HR policies, practices, procedures, and strategies.
Functional structure		HR structural alternative in which headquarters HR specialists craft policies and HR generalists located within divisions or other locales implement the policies, adapt them as needed, and interact with employees.
Geographic structure		Various forms of collective employee actions taken to protest work conditions or employer actions.
Grievance procedure		Form of corrective discipline that implements increasingly severe penalties for employees.
HR audit		Business management software, usually a suite of integrated applications, that a company can use to collect, store, manage, and interpret data from many business activities.
HR information system (HRIS)		Orderly way to resolve differences of opinion.
Industrial actions		HR structural alternative that allows organizations with different strategies in multiple units to apply HR expertise to each unit's specific strategic needs.